Journal Clean WAS (JCleanWAS)

Water is a natural resource indispensable not only for the maintenance of human life and health but also for the preservation of all ecosystems and economic activities. At the global level, water is threatened in its quality and quantity by various pollutions such as uncontrolled urban and industrial wastes, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and the exploitation irrationality of this resource. Water quality in Kebir River has been adversely affected by pollutants usually without any treatment. Chemical and physical degradations are due to agricultural and industrial practices and domestic wastewaters. The aim of the present study is to evaluate water quality of the Kebir and Bougous rivers. The physicochemical parameters are analyzed by using the Titrimetry standard procedure and a Spectrophotometer device. The observed values of different physical and chemical parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chloride ions, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium have been also performed. Water is sampled at three study sites with four surveys during 2015 and 2016. The results show the existence of a seasonal variation of the physicochemical element concentrations. Also, there is an eutrophication caused mainly by chemical fertilizers used for agriculture. The present findings alert the inhabitant’s sanitation of irrigation water and environmental hygiene, where water quality varies from a moderate pollution state at some sampling stations to a very strong pollution downstream. The used parameters can also be useful when searching deeply for pollution causes and when planning preventive measures for protective purpose.

Water purification is very necessary to provide clean and quality water to all livings for their survival. Various techniques for water treatment is in use now a days. The most common and useable method is the adsorption. The activated carbons generated from different ingredients like walnut shell, bagasse and the rice husk. The adsorbent generated from activated carbon can be efficiently utilized for municipal wastewater to be treated to reduce TSS, TDS, COD, turbidity, EC, pH and Temperature. These activated carbons occur naturally and environmentally friendly. Also, no bad effect on humans. Mostly used for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Walnut Shell, Bagasse and Rice Husk conversion to activated carbon minimizing the cost of waste transfer and gives cheap resources for generation of activated carbon.

A survey was done to find out the perception towards the practice of using food waste as a source for biogas in Malaysia. The objectives of the study were to see the perception on this issue and also to analyze the relationship between the knowledge of the respondents regarding food waste and biogas, and their habits in handling food waste with their perception. The respondents for this survey were government servants working in Shah Alam. From the survey, it was found out that they have generally positive perception towards the idea of implementing the utilization of food waste generated daily as a source for the production of biogas. However, it was found out through this study that the respondents have very little knowledge regarding food waste and biogas in general. There are significant positive relationships seen between the knowledge and their habits in handling food waste with the perception of the respondents about this issue. This shows that the public needs to be more educated regarding this issue.

Being a developing nation, India is undergoing several issues in its journey from being developing to developed. Out of these issues’ proper management of waste and unemployment are two major hurdles in its journey of growth and prosperity. The Press Information Bureau states that the approx. 62 million tonnes waste is generated annually in India & the count of unemployed people in India is reduced to 44.85 Million from 48.26 Million if we compare the data of 2016 & 2014. But this decrease in value of unemployed people is still less to achieve the status of developed and prosperous nation. Hence the focus of the study mentioned in this paper is to convert the problem of waste management into a fruitful solution of providing employment opportunities to skilled, un-skilled and semi-skilled people which will lead to clear and hygienic atmosphere. Presently India is the sixth-largest economy of the world by nominal GDP and in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) it is the Third Largest. India is playing a vital role in the world’s economy but the first question which comes in our mind after knowing this, is “What is the contribution status of India in terms of world’s environmental concern? “As per the data provided by authorities such as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, India is producing around 60-65 metric tonnes waste per year basis. But our main concern should be, that we are still not able to Re-utilize more than 20% of the total waste generated per year. Challenges are very common and basic like unsegregated waste, unsystematic waste collection, inappropriate recycling and unscientific disposal and so on. India has the capacity of generating 2.54 GW electricity by using Waste to Energy process. In coming few years India’s waste management market has the potential to give the additional support to the nation’s economy with the worth of 14 billion USD with the rapid annual growth rate of 7 %. Thus, we need to improve all related challenges and should focus on making our nation clean, healthy and prosperous in terms of economy and environment.

Beach litter constitutes one of the glaring signs of pollution in coastal landscape and environment. In this study, litter presence and composition were assessed for the five (5) sampling sites along the coastline in three (3) Administrative Regions (Regions 4, 5, and 6) in Guyana based on fieldwork carried out in January 2018. Survey of beach litters represents a fundamental, standard, and documented tool for monitoring pollution in a coastal environment and this method was used in evaluating, classifying, and quantifying the composition of beach litters along the five (5) sites aforementioned. This study showed that the litter contents varied considerable among the sampling sites. However, out of all the categories of beach litter items in all of the sample sites, plastic materials accounted for most of the litter followed by metal, paper/card, glass, wood fragments, clothing materials, organic materials, and pottery at 48.2%, 20.8%, 11.5%, 6.8%, 4.7%, 4.6%, 3.2%, and 0.2% respectively. The average grading of the beaches shows that none could be graded A (very good), without cleaning up of such areas of litter. Rosignol beach (Sample Site 3) and Georgetown beach (Sample Site 5) were the only beaches with average grade C (fair) while the other three (3) samples sites could only be graded D, very poor. This paper highlights the geographic distribution, pattern, and litter composition in the study areas. To meet the demands of the potential beach users for the purpose of coastal tourism and to benefit from the growing “sun, sea, and sand (3S)” industry, conscious and strategic Beach Litter Management and Monitoring, among other recommendations, is suggested in this study.

One of the anthropogenic interference is the modification of natural habitat into the man-made environment, such as agriculture, urbanization mining, lumbering as well as industrialization. The kenyir lake as an artificial lake, attract tourist from all over the world because of its natural beauty sustainable development an eco-tourism attraction. This study will focus on how the natural landscape will be conserved and what is the composition of the land cover surrounding the Lake kenyir. The current issues that course for concern are the changes observed and detected from the land use, land cover (LULC) through the use of soil water assessment tool (SWAT) ArcSWAT 2012. The study area was finally characterized by a delineated watershed, sub-basin parameters for calculation of hydrologic response units (HRUs). this includes the nature and orientation of the slope; digital elevation model (DEM), local soil classification and the land cover found around the environment. The 3D simulation was applied to predict the flow of water from the subbasins and from the lake that drained into a larger body of water toward the river mouth of Kuala Terengganu to empty into the South China Sea.

This study provides information on marine water quality index in the Setiu River estuary. Mangrove estuarine and river mouth water are classified in Class E in MWQI. The subsequent MWQI with scales among 0 to 100 will define the grouping of the marine water quality from “Excellent” to “Poor”. Six sampling station has been choosing and the sampling activity has been done from July 2016 to January 2017. Post-hoc Tukey HSD test calculates by evaluating whether MWQI for ST1 is more than the critical MWQI value for all relevant pairs of treatments. The test is also performed by using studentized range distribution as well as p-values corresponding to an observed value of MWQI. Continuous monitoring of water quality in mangrove estuarine and river so that it is possible to preserve the quality of mangrove estuarine ecosystem.

Haematological profile [Haemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Corpuscles (WBC), Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Platelets count (PLT)] of the freshwater ornamental fish, Cyprinus carpio koi exposed to 1/10th of 96hrs LC50 (92.5 ppm) sublethal concentration of Cadmium chloride for a period of 30 days were checked. Compared to control, significant decrease in Hb, RBC, PCV, MCH, MCHC and PLT were noted (P < 0.05) while WBC and MCV values were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Observation of haematological parameters allows the most rapid detection of alterations in fish after the exposure with xenobiotic compounds and thus, it could be concluded that the haematological indices could be considered as possible biomarkers for heavy metal pollution.

Soil provides a vital habitat primarily for bacteria to continue the process of biogeochemical cycle. The remarkable metabolic diversity and capacity of the soil bacteria is increasingly being harnessed for the benefit of humankind. One of the beneficial spin-offs from the understanding of the metabolism of soil microbes is the development of bioremediation for contaminated soils. Investigation on bacterial diversity was conducted on several types of samples for both contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The soil texture test determined that the soil samples obtained were sandy, silt and clay, respectively. The microbial population were enumerated using colony counting while bacteria characterisation and identification were performed using Gram staining, morphological and biochemical analysis. This study indicated that microbial population is higher in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils compared to uncontaminated soils. On the other hands, the bacterial diversity is lower in contaminated soils compared to uncontaminated soils. The study also portrays that Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus spp was dominant in untreated soils while Gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas spp was dominant genus in hydrocarbon contaminated soil.