Journal Clean WAS (JCleanWAS)

This study aimed to assess the pollution of heavy metals, specifically Cd, Fe, Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Zn, in the water filtration plants of DHA phase II Islamabad, Pakistan. As the zone relies heavily on these sources for in house and drinking purposes, eleven samples were collected and preserved for analysis. Laboratory testing, conducted for all samples using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy instrument, revealed that levels of Iron, Manganese, and Zinc were within accepted limits in nearly every sample. However, concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cr exceeded PAK-EPA standards, suggesting potential health risks. The calculation of the Heavy Metal Pollution Index indicated that most samples were unsuitable for direct consumption, emphasizing the hazardous nature of the water for drinking purposes.

This investigation was done to find out how much packaged natural spring and mineral water consumed in Hawler City contained nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-). Between January and March of 2021, a total of sixty water samples with four replications from fifteen different companies (Life, Mazi, Reni, Lava, Kani, Rovian, Rawan, Hayat, Vauban, Grand Barbier, Evian, Bakoor, Shexy balak, Mira, and Tiyan) were tested for nitrate and nitrite. Using the spectrophotometric method, the levels of nitrate and nitrite were determined. Based on the findings, every water sample contained both nitrate and nitrite. The findings indicated that the average concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in the water sample ranged from 1.6 mg/l to 28.48 mg/l and 0.044 mg/l to 0.69 mg/l, respectively. Ultimately, the levels of nitrate and nitrite in a total of 60 water samples from Hawler City were deemed safe for consumption and in compliance with relevant international and national regulations.

A study was conducted to assess the effect municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment methods on the growth and performance of amaranths (Amaranthus hybridus) in the Sudan Savannah of Nigeria. MSW were collected from different locations in Kano metropolis, mixed together and then subjected to different treatment methods (pyrolysis, composting and untreated). Products of this treatment methods were applied to soil at different rate of 0, 5, 10 and 15ton ha-1. Effect of MSW treatment methods on the performance of amaranths was assessed by sowing amaranths seed in the amended soil in field and pot trial phases using RCBD and CRD respectively. Result from plant trials shows significant differences (p≤0.05) on plant height and number of leaves with highly significant difference (p≤0.01) on leaf area of amaranths in the pot trial. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed on the number of leaves as well as fresh and dry weight of amaranths in the field trial. From the study, it was concluded that municipal solid waste treatment methods affect the growth and performance of amaranths. There was an observed significant increase in the performance of amaranths following biochar application. Untreated (raw) wastes are relatively easier and less expensive to be used but has less pronounced effect on plant growth when compared with the control treatment. The recommended treatment method for municipal solid wastes depends on the overall purpose of application. It is therefore recommended that stakeholders be involved in the recycling of municipal solid wastes through composting as that may reduce expenses for procurement of inorganic fertilizer and provide waste management solution as well as increased crop yield for small holder farmers.

Noise is universally recognized as a significant source of environmental degradation in every culture. This paper provides an assessment of the literature on the detrimental impacts of noise pollution on the well-being of individuals. There is an introduction providing a broad definition of noise, followed by a discussion of the effect of noise pollution, the harmful consequences of noise on human health, and the techniques used to reduce noise pollution. In conclusion, this article reviews how this type of pollution can be mitigated and refers to vegetation’s aesthetic, ecological, and other benefits beyond its noise-blocking properties. The results of this research are significant on a personal and societal level in light of the detrimental impacts of noise pollution, and they may be helpful as a guide for planning in locations where such consequences are likely to materialize.

This research investigated design of experiment for the optimization of the experimental parameters of the photocatalytic degradation of VAT yellow dye using dye concentration (mg/L), catalyst dosage (mg/L), pH and time of exposure (minates) as experimental factors. Stock solution of vat yellow dye was prepared (0.00001M) and serial dilution was used to prepare twenty seven (27) different concentrations of the dye solution which were subjected to photocatalytic degradation in a photo reactor using a ultraviolent light source under ambient environmental condition. The absorbances of these solutions before and after photo degradation were taken to obtain different percentage degradation for each experimental run. Analysis of these results was carried out using minitab18 computer software. The result revealed the best conditions for the photodegredation as (20mg/l) (dye concentration), 2(mg/L) (catalyst dosage), 3.39 pH and 45 minutes (time of exposure). This was confirmed experimentally after the optimization to prove that minitab18 software is highly effective for the optimization of photodegradation of tannery and textile effluent containing reactive red dye.

Box-Behnken design of experiment for the optimization of the experimental parameters of the photocatalytic degradation of reactive red dye using dye concentration (mg/L), catalyst dosage (mg/L), pH and time of exposure as experimental factors was studied and reported. Stock solution of reactive red dye was prepared (0.00001M) and serial dilution was used to prepare twenty-seven (27) different concentration of the dye solution which were subjected to photocatalytic degradation in a photo reactor using a ultraviolent light source under ambient environmental condition. The absorbances of these solutions before and after photo degradation was taken to obtain different percentage degradation for each experimental run. Analysis of these results was carried out using minitab 17 computer software. The result reveals the optimized conditions for the photodegredationas 10mg/L (dye concentration), 1mg/l (catalyst dosage), 5.85 pH and 90 minutes (time of exposure). This was confirmed experimentally after the optimization to prove that minitab17 software is highly effective for the optimization.

Waterlogging is a serious abiotic stress for chilli production. To find out adverse effect of waterlogging on yield attributes of chilli a pot experiment was conducted on jute agriculture experimental station, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Jagir, Manikganj. Yield attributes varied significantly due to waterlogging stress. All yield characters perform better at no waterlogging condition whereas the lowest yield characters perform at 12 days of waterlogging condition. Thirty days old healthy chilli plants were subjected to continuous flooding stress of different durations 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. Earthan pots healthy chilli plants were placed inside a larger concrete chamber and irrigated with tap water so that the waterlogging depth was maintained within 4-5 cm throughout the experimental period. Height of plant, leaf number, diameter of stem base, area of leaf, days to flowering and fruits umber per plant were recorded.

Management efficiency can increase crop productivity through enhanced N2 fixation in the plant-soil system. This study examined soil tillage variants and sulphur fertilization effects on nodulation, N2 fixation effectiveness and yield of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea] in a degraded Ultisol in Agbani Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Twenty-four experimental units were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The six treatments comprised No-Till+No Gypsum (NTGo), No-Till+Gypsum1 (NTG1), No-Till+Gypsum2 (NTG2), Till+No Gypsum (TGo), Till+Gypsum1 (TG1), and Till+Gypsum2 (TG2). No-till+gypsum2 plots had significantly higher soil N content than each corresponding No-till+no gypsum plot by 15-40 %. At 30 DAP, the plots treated with till+gypsum1 (21 kg/ha), till+gypsum2 (42 kg/ha), no-till+gypsum2 (42 kg/ha), no-till+gypsum1 (21 kg/ha), and till+no gypsum had 62-63 % higher soil sulphur content (P= 0.05) than the control plots. The nodule count per plant in plots treated with no-till+gypsum2 (42 kg/ha) was greater than that in the control plot, plots with no-till+gypsum1 (21 kg/ha), and plots with till+gypsum2 (42 kg/ha) by 72-74 % at 30, 60, and 90 DAP across two seasons. Compared to the untreated plots, nodulation effectivity was raised by 79-89 % in the No-till+gypsum2 plot. The plots treated with no-till+gypsum2 (42 kg/ha) had the highest yield (0.94 t/ha), followed by plots treated with no-till+gypsum1 (42 kg/ha) with 0.93 t/ha dry seed yield and till+gypsum2 (42 kg/ha) with 54-55 % greater yield (P=0.05) than the control plot. Sulphur treatment boosted nodulation by 68 % and nodule effectiveness by about 78 %. The no-till+Gypsum2 application enhanced the average yield of Bambara groundnuts by 56 %. The soil application of S enhanced the amount of accessible S in the soil. Results show that the tillage system and S fertilization impact Bambara groundnut on degraded Ultisols. Dry matter yield was best with a high S supply in both S increments and no-till systems. The number and effectiveness of nodules increased at different S rates and no-tillage. Because of the increased S application rate, there was a considerable increase in N accumulation due to a greater N2 fixation rate. The study recommends using no-till systems and sulphur fertilization practices to enhance crop productivity, especially in degraded Ultisols. The study provides valuable insights into sustainable agriculture practices that boost yields while conserving soils.

Hospital wastewater is harmful to the environment and public health if inadequately managed. Mismanagement of hospital wastewater pollutes soil, aquatic environments and spread infectious diseases that put public into health risks. Regardless on the toxicity of hospital wastewater, there are limited information on the impact of hospital wastewater mismanagement to the environment and surrounding community in the developing countries. This study aims to investigate the potential impacts of hospital wastewater mismanagement to the environment and surrounding community in Tanzania. Sixteen wastewater samples were collected from two national and regional referral hospitals in Tanzania using random stratified sampling technique. Chemical and biological parameters where analyzed in the laboratory following the standard methods from APHA-AWWA-WEF (1998). Thirty hospital cleaners, ten sewer attendants, thirty neighbouring community and ten hospital officials were interviewed to determine their level of awareness and measures taken to protect themselves against contaminating. The results show that effluents discharged into water bodies has high concentrations of organic matters and pathogenic bacteria (0.5 – 23 x 106 cfu/100 ml.). These results reveal that hospitals discharge is highly polluted and hence puts aquatic organisms and downstream water users into risks. Furthermore, 94% of interviewed were knowledgeable and the surrounding community was aware on the effects emanated from mismanagement of hospital wastewaters. This understanding is important for them to protect themselves however cannot safeguard aquatic ecosystems and downstream water users. Therefore, treatment of hospital wastewater with appropriate state-of-the-arts is required before discharging into the receiving water streams which is in line SDG 6.

The study was conducted in Egypt’s El Minya Governorate, where 16 soil samples were taken from reclaimed land and analyzed in the USA using a variety of indices. The study revealed that the soil was moderately alkaline, calcareous, and had salinities ranging from not salty to relatively salty. Most of the soil samples had a clay texture, with varying mineral compositions. The study also found that phosphate fertilizers had been used to improve soil fertility, but it was cautioned against using them due to the low soil fertility and potential for heavy metal contamination. The study also compared the quality index of soil, the ratio of sodium absorption, and the percent of base saturation to determine soil quality and fertility. Finally, the study found that agriculture was more extensive in 2018 and 2020 than in 2022, which could indicate a lack of farming in the current season.