Journal Clean WAS (JCleanWAS)

Due to the gradual drying of parts of Urmia Lake, several centers of salt dust which is created and influence the agriculture, economy, public health and causes migrations within the region of the Urmia Lake. Hence, knowing the temporal and spatial distribution of this phenomenon is very important to quantify these effects. In the present study, using Sentinel-5 and MODIS products for 2020 in the Google Earth system, have shown despite month-to-month fluctuations, has an increasing trend and the incremental changes of fine dust are more considerable in May and June and their dispersal are greater in the northern and northwestern cities in the basin of the Urmia Lake. The distribution of fine dust in the cities of Tabriz, Shabestar, Urmia, Mahabad, Khoy, Salmas, and Tabak, shows heavy concentrations of the dusts, and exhibits destructive impacts on the economy (60.80%) in December and also has adverse effects on the health index. And most of the referrals of people suffering from diseases caused by fine dust in December is (47.50%). The two indicators of agriculture and migration are closely related and the most effects of salt dust for these two indicators showed (15%) in November and (40.51%) in July, respectively. According to the results, it can be said that these dust particles have the greatest impact on the indices (migration, economy, agriculture, and health) of urban regions of the basin of Urmia Lake from 2019 to 2020. The results of this study can directly contribute to the decision-making process by the local authorities to understand the environmental problems across urban and rural areas of Urmia lakes which is at considerable risk.

Forests play a vital role in Nepalese rural communities, which rely on them for firewood, employment, additional meals, and good health to sustain and improve their lifestyles. It has contributed to the Nepalese farming system. Soil helps in regulating ecological processes like nutrient uptake, decomposition, and water availability in the forest. Nepal’s annual soil loss ranges from 2-105 t ha-1 with 34% water-induced erosion, 60% mass wasting (geological erosion), and 3 % by wind erosion. Forest soil requires various management and conservation practices to minimize the exploitation of forest lands. Hence, this article explains the ongoing soil conservation approaches like Afforestation, Agroforestry, and community forest management in Nepal. This article can also be the roadmap for the formulation of appropriate policies in soil conservation, and indirectly in maintaining sustainability in the ecology.

The article summarizes the outcomes of abundant physicochemical equity of drinking water and pathogenic microorganisms conducted for drinking water trait condition of Bhimber Azad Kashmir. Drinking water quality index (DWQI) based on TDS, pH, Ca+2, Na+, was used to assess the drinking water quality. Being unnerves increase in the population and hasty commercial construction, drinking water quality is highly affected constantly in Bhimber Azad Kashmir. About 18% of whole population of Bhimber Azad Kashmir has approach to secure drinking water. The resting 80% of population is enforced to use perlious drinking water due to the insufficiency of safe and healthful drinking water resources. The principal origin of contamination is microbial contamination, turbidity and Na+ which is widely discharge into water system supplies. Anthropogenic exercise cause bone diseases that create about 60-70% of all diseases are answerable. This article emphasizes the drinking water quality, contagion sources and controlling mechanism of water in Bhimber Azad Kashmir. There is an immediate commitment to take precautionary measures and treatment technologies to control on these depressive water contamination statistics of Bhimber Azad Kashmir.

Waste as one of the major environmental issues in the current world can be seen scattered ubiquitously. There is a dire need to properly manage the waste due to the negative effects on public and environmental health. The present study aims to do analysis of the solid waste management practices in Bikaner municipal area (Rajasthan). Solid waste samples were collected from 10 selected locations of the study area. Physical composition and physicochemical parameters of solid waste were determined. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, moisture content and organic matter of solid waste were analyzed by using the standard methods. Organic matter made the highest content (27% to 76%) in the composition of all solid wastes. However, glass, metal and wood comprised the lowest content (1%). The pH range of samples was 5.1 to 7.5. Water holding capacity (%) was below 100 in all the samples though organic carbon ranged from 15.4 % to 19.6 %. Goga gate dumping site showed the highest solid waste content. It was found that waste management practices in Bikaner municipal area are not sustainable yet due to improper waste collection, waste dumping and lack of awareness among people. Solid waste need to be segregated at the source and segregation of recyclable waste should also be done for effective waste management. The organic fractions of solid waste could be utilized in composting.

Due to indiscriminate activities of man through sand excavation, sand mining and illegal waste disposal within the watershed the study evaluated the effect of these activities on selected water quality parameters of Nworie River in Owerri -Imo State, Southeast Nigeria. The study area was divided into Upstream, Midstream and downstream. The river was sampled and the raw data from water sampling were subjected to laboratory analysis; results obtained were matched with standards. The results showed that the average pH of the river was 7.4; upstream and midstream had higher pH values than the downstream with low pH and these were within the permissible limit. Biological oxygen Demand (BOD) of the river were 75mg/l, 60mg/l and 56mg/l at the Upstream, Midstream and downstream with an average value of 64 mg/l . The river had a mean turbidity value of 76NTU and mean Total Dissolved solids (TDS) value of 272mg/l which were above the permissible limit. Calcium (Ca2+) did not exceed the standard limit while magnesium exceeded the standard limit by 68% at the Upstream. Nworie river had mean water conductivity value of 93S/cm; water conductivity at the Midstream and downstream were within the permissible limits while the Upstream had 6% increase above the acceptable limit. It was observed from this study that Nworie river exhibited three different colours of light-green, dark-green and brownish-muddy colour respectively at the Upstream, Midstream and Downstream which could be attributed to the level of erosional deposits and sediment loads from the degraded watershed. Further degradation of the watershed should be avoided by practising good soil conservation measures, ensuring that indiscriminate activities of inhabitants of the area are stopped and since environmental balance, land degradation, water management and food security are strongly linked, each must be addressed in the context of the other to have a measurable impact to the society.

The ability of humus to suppress the radioactivity of particular radionuclides that could be hazardous to soil health is examined in this review. Industrial and agricultural processes discharge radionuclides into the soil. This, in turn, has an impact on a variety of soil processes, particularly biological activities. The radioactivity of these radionuclides can be suppressed using humus, which is obtained through the decomposition process.

This research was conducted to assess the physical characteristics of soil as influenced by croplands (CP), forests (FOR), tree crop plantation (TCP) and woodland/grasslands (WGS) land use types in Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. Soil sampling and field experiments were carried out across the different land uses and land cover types. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used where there were “within the treatment variation” and “between the treatment variations”. Field experiments were carried out in 40 different locations in Ekiti State and surface composite disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected to depths of 30 cm from the study areas. Three sampling points were randomly selected per field location (approximately 20 m apart). The soil of the study area was predominantly sandy clay loam. Land use types did not have significant effect on the soil pH (p>0.05). The highest mean porosity value was recorded in FOR soils (45.01%) while WGS had the least mean value (38.87%). The bulk density of the different land uses reduced from WGS to FOR in the order WGS > TCP > CP > FOR. There was significantly higher WHC (p < 0.05) in FOR than other land use types (TCP, CP and WGS). Forest (FOR) land use type had the highest mean VMC, while the WGS land use type had the least. The average DOC of CP, FOR, TCP and WGS is 87.93%, 86.44%, 88.54%, and 89.15%, respectively. Results from the research showed that forest soil is optimum for agricultural practices due its high porosity and low compaction characteristics.

Rainfall variability and agricultural sustainability have been of major concern to the Climatologists, Agriculturists and farmers in general. The net potential effect of severe changes in rainfall pattern is the disruption in crop production leading to food insecurity, joblessness and poverty. As a major concern to increase food production, this study seeks to assess the rainfall variability in Owerri City with a view to enhancing agricultural sustainability. The study used rainfall data (1981-2018) from Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Correlation and Regression techniques were employed for analysis. The result shows that there is no significant relationship between the number of rainy days and annual amount of rainfall. Also, there is no significant relationship between the length of rainy season and number of rainy days in the study area. The study also shows four years forecast of rainfall in the study area. The result shows an evidence and upsurge of low agricultural produce, food insecurity and hunger in the nearest future, and therefore recommends some sustainable agricultural practices that can boost yield, good health and healthy environment and reduce the effect of climate change.

Antibacterial activity of synthetically synthesized benzoyl thiourea and halobenzoyl thiourea bearing α-alanine and β-alanine compounds were investigated against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacteria (Esherichia coli). The study of antibacterial activity of the compounds was conducted by using the disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results indicate that 4-fluorobenzoylthiourea α-alanine, benzoylthiourea α-alanine, 4-fluorobenzoylthiourea β-alanine, 4-chlorobenzoylthiourea β-alanine, 4-bromobenzoylthiourea β-alanine, and benzoylthiourea β-alanine possess weak to strong antibacterial activity on all of tested bacteria. The strongest antibacterial activity was found in the 4-fluorobenzoylthiourea α-alanine, whereas the weakest antibacterial activity was exhibited in 4-fluorobenzoylthiourea β-alanine. S. aureus was found the most susceptible toward these thiourea derivatives, indicating bactericidal activity against the bacteria.

Soil fungi possess a great number of potential benefits that could be applied in various fields. They are well-known for acting as plant-growth promoter, biocontrol agent of plant diseases and involves in bioremediation. In this study, the fungi were isolated from used agricultural soil in Glasshouse and Nursery Complex (GNC), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang using serial dilution and plating techniques. Around 10 isolates of soil fungi were successfully isolated and the identification of all isolates were based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. The fungi were discovered to be from genus Cladorrhinum, Penicillium, Paecilomyces and Aspergillus.